Uncommon Presentation of Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin and Treatment Challenges.

BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common keratinocytic skin cancers, the other being basal cell carcinoma. It is the second most common skin cancer after melanoma. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is mostly a localized disease. The metastatic presentation is rare even in the presence of invasive disease. The metastatic potential depends on the presence of high-risk features at the time of diagnosis. Lung, liver, and bone are the frequent sites of metastasis. Local and locoregional disease undergoes excision with or without adjuvant radiation. However, we lack proper treatment paradigms for this metastatic disease. CASE REPORT We are reporting a case of an elderly female with a history of high-risk localized cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with complete local excision and radiation presenting 5 years later with extensive disease to the lung and liver, abdominal nodes, and spinal fracture. The patient was not a candidate for chemotherapy due to kidney failure. On the basis of ongoing separate trials on different immunotherapies, she was started on nivolumab. CONCLUSIONS Treating metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a challenge considering the absence of phase III trials due to the rarity of this disease. Historically, platinum with or without 5-FU (fluorouracil), bleomycin, doxorubicin, and retinoic acid were used with variable responses. Data on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors on EGFR expressing tumors are available. However, even with the most recent reports on immunotherapy in patients with high programmed death-1 expression or high mutation burden, it is difficult to achieve good response.

Double-Hit Lymphoma (MYC and BCL6) with Involvement of Skull and Adnexal Lesions: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND Double-hit lymphomas (DHL) belong to a category of very aggressive lymphomas characterized by MYC translocation and either BCL2, or less commonly, BCL6 translocations. Those with BCL6 translocations have a predilection for rare extranodal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, and tonsils. Involvement of the skull and adnexal structures is rare. Here we report a case of a young female with both skull and adnexal involvement. CASE REPORT A 20-year-old female who presented with hypercalcemia was found to have adnexal, skull, and jaw masses. Workup revealed a stage IV high grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL) with MYC and BCL6 rearrangements. She was subsequently treated with R-EPOCH and attained complete remission 9 months after her initial presentation. To the best of our knowledge, our patient represents the first reported case of skull and adnexal involvement in HGBL with MYC and BCL6 rearrangement. CONCLUSIONS Rare extranodal presentations of HGBL with MYC and BCL6 rearrangement should be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses found in unusual sites such as the skull and adnexa. Due to their aggressive nature, early and prompt recognition of these lymphomas is essential for timely administration of appropriate therapy.

Primary Pulmonary Diffuse Large B Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is extremely rare neoplasm representing only 0.5-1% of primary pulmonary malignancies. These patients usually have non-specific clinical presentation and radiological findings. Therefore, it is important to increase awareness of this rare disease, as the correct characterization of the tumors will have therapeutic and prognostic implications. CASE REPORT We present the case of a middle-aged Hispanic woman with chronic cough and an abnormal chest X-ray revealing a lung mass, who was found to have primary pulmonary DLBCL. She underwent 6 cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) therapy and attained complete remission. CONCLUSIONS With its non-specific presentation, the diagnosis of primary pulmonary DLBCL is very challenging and often leads to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. The pathogenesis of primary pulmonary DLBCL is still poorly understood. The choice of treatment approach should be based on the biological characteristic of the tumor, stage, and performance status.

A Case Report of Primary Nasal Natural Killer (NK)/T-Cell Lymphoma in an African American Patient Presenting with Hemophagocytic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL) is generally an aggressive and rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is most common in East Asians, Native Americans, and South Americans, but is rarely reported in blacks. CASE REPORT A 55-year-old African American male born in Grenada presented with a left nostril mass with facial swelling and biopsy subsequently confirmed a diagnosis of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL). Immunochemistry was positive for CD2, cytoplasmic CD3, CD7, CD 43, CD 56, granzyme B, and TIA-1. In situ hybridization was positive for Epstein-Barr virus encoded ribonucleic acid (EBERs). Bone marrow aspiration did not show lymphoma involvement. The patient had progressive neutropenia upon presentation, with further investigations showing hepatomegaly, hyperferritinemia, and hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow. We reached a diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome. He was treated with a high-dose combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy; the neutropenia improved significantly with steroids as treatment for immune activation in the setting of hemophagocytic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the only second report of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type in a black patient, and it raises the awareness of early recognition of rare manifestations of NK/T-cell lymphoma such as hemophagocytic syndrome.

Lobular neoplasia on core needle biopsy does not require excision.

BACKGROUND: Lobular neoplasia (LN), encompassing atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), is often an incidental finding on core needle biopsies (CNBs) performed in instances of radiologic densities and/or calcifications. Because LN is generally considered a risk factor for breast carcinoma, the utility of subsequent excision is controversial. METHODS: The authors' database yielded 98 cases of LCIS and/or ALH. Cases containing LN accompanied by a second lesion mandating excision (eg, radial scar, atypical ductal hyperplasia [ADH]) and those failing to meet strict diagnostic criteria for LN (eg, atypical cells, mitoses, single-cell necrosis) were excluded. Radiographic calcifications were correlated with their histologic counterparts in terms of size, number, and pattern. RESULTS: Ninety-one biopsies were performed for calcifications and 7 were performed for mass lesions. The ages of the patients ranged from 35 to 82 years. Fifty-three patients were followed radiologically without excision, 42 of whom had available clinicoradiologic information. The 45 patients who underwent excision were without disease at follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 8 years. Of these 45 patients, 42 (93%) had biopsy results demonstrating only LN. The remaining 3 patients had biopsies with the following findings: ADH in 1 biopsy, residual LCIS and a separate minute focus of infiltrating lobular carcinoma (clearly an incidental finding) in the second biopsy, and ductal carcinoma in situ admixed with LCIS in the third biopsy (a retrospective examination performed by 2 blinded breast pathologists revealed foci of atypical cells and mitoses). CONCLUSIONS: Excision of LN is unnecessary provided that: 1) careful radiographic-pathologic correlation is performed; and 2) strict histologic criteria are adhered to when making the diagnosis. Close radiologic and clinical follow-up is adequate.